Tracking the effects of COVID-19 in rural China over time.
Identifieur interne : 000003 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000002; suivant : 000004Tracking the effects of COVID-19 in rural China over time.
Auteurs : Huan Wang [États-Unis] ; Markus Zhang [États-Unis] ; Robin Li [États-Unis] ; Oliver Zhong [États-Unis] ; Hannah Johnstone [États-Unis] ; Huan Zhou [République populaire de Chine] ; Hao Xue [États-Unis] ; Sean Sylvia [États-Unis] ; Matthew Boswell [États-Unis] ; Prashant Loyalka [États-Unis] ; Scott Rozelle [États-Unis]Source :
- International journal for equity in health [ 1475-9276 ] ; 2021.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- MESH :
- statistiques et données numériques : Population rurale.
- épidémiologie : Chine.
- Facteurs socioéconomiques, Humains, Quarantaine.
- Wicri :
- geographic : République populaire de Chine.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- MESH :
- geographic , epidemiology : China.
- epidemiology : COVID-19.
- prevention & control : COVID-19.
- statistics & numerical data : Rural Population.
- Humans, Quarantine, Socioeconomic Factors.
Abstract
BACKGROUND
China issued strict nationwide guidelines to combat the COVID-19 outbreak in January 2020 and gradually loosened the restrictions on movement in early March. Little is known about how these disease control measures affected the 600 million people who live in rural China. The goal of this paper is to document the quarantine measures implemented in rural China outside the epicenter of Hubei Province and to assess the socioeconomic effect of the measures on rural communities over time.
METHODS
We conducted three rounds of interviews with informants from 726 villages in seven provinces, accounting for over 25% of China's overall rural population. The survey collected data on rural quarantine implementation; COVID-19 infections and deaths in the survey villages; and effects of the quarantine on employment, income, education, health care, and government policies to address any negative impacts. The empirical findings of the work established that strict quarantine measures were implemented in rural villages throughout China in February.
RESULTS
There was little spread of COVID-19 in rural communities: an infection rate of 0.001% and zero deaths reported in our sample. However, there were negative social and economic outcomes, including high rates of unemployment, falling household income, rising prices, and disrupted student learning. Health care was generally accessible, but many delayed their non-COVID-19 health care due to the quarantine measures. Only 20% of villagers received any form of local government aid, and only 11% of villages received financial subsidies. There were no reports of national government aid programs that targeted rural villagers in the sample areas.
CONCLUSIONS
By examining the economic and social effects of the COVID-19 restrictions in rural communities, this study will help to guide other middle- and low-income countries in their containment and restorative processes. Without consideration for economically vulnerable populations, economic hardships and poverty will likely continue to have a negative impact on the most susceptible communities.
DOI: 10.1186/s12939-020-01369-z
PubMed: 33446205
PubMed Central: PMC7807215
Affiliations:
- République populaire de Chine, États-Unis
- Californie, Caroline du Nord
- Chapel Hill (Caroline du Nord), Stanford (Californie)
- Université Stanford, Université de Caroline du Nord à Chapel Hill
Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)
Le document en format XML
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Sichuan University, No. 17, Section 3 Ren Min South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China. zhouhuan@scu.edu.cn.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, No. 17, Section 3 Ren Min South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan Province</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Sichuan Province</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xue, Hao" sort="Xue, Hao" uniqKey="Xue H" first="Hao" last="Xue">Hao Xue</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University, 616 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, California, 94305, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University, 616 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, California, 94305</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université Stanford</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Stanford (Californie)</settlement><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sylvia, Sean" sort="Sylvia, Sean" uniqKey="Sylvia S" first="Sean" last="Sylvia">Sean Sylvia</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1101D McGavran-Greenberg Hall, CB#7411, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7411, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1101D McGavran-Greenberg Hall, CB#7411, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7411</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Caroline du Nord à Chapel Hill</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Chapel Hill (Caroline du Nord)</settlement><region type="state">Caroline du Nord</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boswell, Matthew" sort="Boswell, Matthew" uniqKey="Boswell M" first="Matthew" last="Boswell">Matthew Boswell</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University, 616 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, California, 94305, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University, 616 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, California, 94305</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université Stanford</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Stanford (Californie)</settlement><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Loyalka, Prashant" sort="Loyalka, Prashant" uniqKey="Loyalka P" first="Prashant" last="Loyalka">Prashant Loyalka</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University, 616 Jane Stanford 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first="Huan" last="Wang">Huan Wang</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University, 616 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, California, 94305, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University, 616 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, California, 94305</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université Stanford</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Stanford (Californie)</settlement><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Markus" sort="Zhang, Markus" uniqKey="Zhang M" first="Markus" last="Zhang">Markus Zhang</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University, 616 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, California, 94305, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University, 616 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, California, 94305</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université Stanford</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Stanford (Californie)</settlement><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Robin" sort="Li, Robin" uniqKey="Li R" first="Robin" last="Li">Robin Li</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University, 616 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, California, 94305, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University, 616 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, California, 94305</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université Stanford</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Stanford (Californie)</settlement><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhong, Oliver" sort="Zhong, Oliver" uniqKey="Zhong O" first="Oliver" last="Zhong">Oliver Zhong</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University, 616 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, California, 94305, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University, 616 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, California, 94305</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université Stanford</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Stanford (Californie)</settlement><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Johnstone, Hannah" sort="Johnstone, Hannah" uniqKey="Johnstone H" first="Hannah" last="Johnstone">Hannah Johnstone</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University, 616 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, California, 94305, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University, 616 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, California, 94305</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université Stanford</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Stanford (Californie)</settlement><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, Huan" sort="Zhou, Huan" uniqKey="Zhou H" first="Huan" last="Zhou">Huan Zhou</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, No. 17, Section 3 Ren Min South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China. zhouhuan@scu.edu.cn.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, No. 17, Section 3 Ren Min South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan Province</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Sichuan Province</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xue, Hao" sort="Xue, Hao" uniqKey="Xue H" first="Hao" last="Xue">Hao Xue</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University, 616 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, California, 94305, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University, 616 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, California, 94305</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université Stanford</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Stanford (Californie)</settlement><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sylvia, Sean" sort="Sylvia, Sean" uniqKey="Sylvia S" first="Sean" last="Sylvia">Sean Sylvia</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1101D McGavran-Greenberg Hall, CB#7411, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7411, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1101D McGavran-Greenberg Hall, CB#7411, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7411</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Caroline du Nord à Chapel Hill</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Chapel Hill (Caroline du Nord)</settlement><region type="state">Caroline du Nord</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boswell, Matthew" sort="Boswell, Matthew" uniqKey="Boswell M" first="Matthew" last="Boswell">Matthew Boswell</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University, 616 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, California, 94305, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University, 616 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, California, 94305</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université Stanford</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Stanford (Californie)</settlement><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Loyalka, Prashant" sort="Loyalka, Prashant" uniqKey="Loyalka P" first="Prashant" last="Loyalka">Prashant Loyalka</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University, 616 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, California, 94305, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University, 616 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, California, 94305</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université Stanford</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Stanford (Californie)</settlement><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rozelle, Scott" sort="Rozelle, Scott" uniqKey="Rozelle S" first="Scott" last="Rozelle">Scott Rozelle</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University, 616 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, California, 94305, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University, 616 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, California, 94305</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université Stanford</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Stanford (Californie)</settlement><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">International journal for equity in health</title><idno type="eISSN">1475-9276</idno><imprint><date when="2021" type="published">2021</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>COVID-19 (epidemiology)</term><term>COVID-19 (prevention & control)</term><term>China (epidemiology)</term><term>Humans (MeSH)</term><term>Quarantine (MeSH)</term><term>Rural Population (statistics & numerical data)</term><term>Socioeconomic Factors (MeSH)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Chine (épidémiologie)</term><term>Facteurs socioéconomiques (MeSH)</term><term>Humains (MeSH)</term><term>Population rurale (statistiques et données numériques)</term><term>Quarantaine (MeSH)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="geographic" qualifier="epidemiology" xml:lang="en"><term>China</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="epidemiology" xml:lang="en"><term>COVID-19</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="prevention & control" xml:lang="en"><term>COVID-19</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="statistics & numerical data" xml:lang="en"><term>Rural Population</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="statistiques et données numériques" xml:lang="fr"><term>Population rurale</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="épidémiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Chine</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Humans</term><term>Quarantine</term><term>Socioeconomic Factors</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Facteurs socioéconomiques</term><term>Humains</term><term>Quarantaine</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Wicri" type="geographic" xml:lang="fr"><term>République populaire de Chine</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>BACKGROUND</b></p><p>China issued strict nationwide guidelines to combat the COVID-19 outbreak in January 2020 and gradually loosened the restrictions on movement in early March. Little is known about how these disease control measures affected the 600 million people who live in rural China. The goal of this paper is to document the quarantine measures implemented in rural China outside the epicenter of Hubei Province and to assess the socioeconomic effect of the measures on rural communities over time.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>METHODS</b></p><p>We conducted three rounds of interviews with informants from 726 villages in seven provinces, accounting for over 25% of China's overall rural population. The survey collected data on rural quarantine implementation; COVID-19 infections and deaths in the survey villages; and effects of the quarantine on employment, income, education, health care, and government policies to address any negative impacts. The empirical findings of the work established that strict quarantine measures were implemented in rural villages throughout China in February.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>RESULTS</b></p><p>There was little spread of COVID-19 in rural communities: an infection rate of 0.001% and zero deaths reported in our sample. However, there were negative social and economic outcomes, including high rates of unemployment, falling household income, rising prices, and disrupted student learning. Health care was generally accessible, but many delayed their non-COVID-19 health care due to the quarantine measures. Only 20% of villagers received any form of local government aid, and only 11% of villages received financial subsidies. There were no reports of national government aid programs that targeted rural villagers in the sample areas.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b></p><p>By examining the economic and social effects of the COVID-19 restrictions in rural communities, this study will help to guide other middle- and low-income countries in their containment and restorative processes. Without consideration for economically vulnerable populations, economic hardships and poverty will likely continue to have a negative impact on the most susceptible communities.</p></div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" IndexingMethod="Curated" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">33446205</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2021</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>21</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2021</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>23</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1475-9276</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>20</Volume><Issue>1</Issue><PubDate><Year>2021</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>14</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>International journal for equity in health</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Int J Equity Health</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Tracking the effects of COVID-19 in rural China over time.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>35</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1186/s12939-020-01369-z</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText Label="BACKGROUND">China issued strict nationwide guidelines to combat the COVID-19 outbreak in January 2020 and gradually loosened the restrictions on movement in early March. Little is known about how these disease control measures affected the 600 million people who live in rural China. The goal of this paper is to document the quarantine measures implemented in rural China outside the epicenter of Hubei Province and to assess the socioeconomic effect of the measures on rural communities over time.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="METHODS">We conducted three rounds of interviews with informants from 726 villages in seven provinces, accounting for over 25% of China's overall rural population. The survey collected data on rural quarantine implementation; COVID-19 infections and deaths in the survey villages; and effects of the quarantine on employment, income, education, health care, and government policies to address any negative impacts. The empirical findings of the work established that strict quarantine measures were implemented in rural villages throughout China in February.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="RESULTS">There was little spread of COVID-19 in rural communities: an infection rate of 0.001% and zero deaths reported in our sample. However, there were negative social and economic outcomes, including high rates of unemployment, falling household income, rising prices, and disrupted student learning. Health care was generally accessible, but many delayed their non-COVID-19 health care due to the quarantine measures. Only 20% of villagers received any form of local government aid, and only 11% of villages received financial subsidies. There were no reports of national government aid programs that targeted rural villagers in the sample areas.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="CONCLUSIONS">By examining the economic and social effects of the COVID-19 restrictions in rural communities, this study will help to guide other middle- and low-income countries in their containment and restorative processes. Without consideration for economically vulnerable populations, economic hardships and poverty will likely continue to have a negative impact on the most susceptible communities.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wang</LastName><ForeName>Huan</ForeName><Initials>H</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0003-3219-7226</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University, 616 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, California, 94305, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Zhang</LastName><ForeName>Markus</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University, 616 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, California, 94305, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Li</LastName><ForeName>Robin</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University, 616 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, California, 94305, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Zhong</LastName><ForeName>Oliver</ForeName><Initials>O</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University, 616 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, California, 94305, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Johnstone</LastName><ForeName>Hannah</ForeName><Initials>H</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University, 616 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, California, 94305, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Zhou</LastName><ForeName>Huan</ForeName><Initials>H</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, No. 17, Section 3 Ren Min South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China. zhouhuan@scu.edu.cn.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Xue</LastName><ForeName>Hao</ForeName><Initials>H</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University, 616 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, California, 94305, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sylvia</LastName><ForeName>Sean</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1101D McGavran-Greenberg Hall, CB#7411, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7411, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Boswell</LastName><ForeName>Matthew</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University, 616 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, California, 94305, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Loyalka</LastName><ForeName>Prashant</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University, 616 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, California, 94305, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rozelle</LastName><ForeName>Scott</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University, 616 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, California, 94305, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><GrantList CompleteYN="Y"><Grant><GrantID>P2C 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PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2020</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>22</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2021</Year><Month>1</Month><Day>15</Day><Hour>5</Hour><Minute>35</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2021</Year><Month>1</Month><Day>16</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2021</Year><Month>1</Month><Day>22</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>epublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">33446205</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1186/s12939-020-01369-z</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">10.1186/s12939-020-01369-z</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC7807215</ArticleId></ArticleIdList><ReferenceList><Reference><Citation>J Travel Med. 2020 May 18;27(3):</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32307521</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>J Med Internet Res. 2020 May 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IdType="pubmed">32093211</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference></ReferenceList></PubmedData></pubmed><affiliations><list><country><li>République populaire de Chine</li><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>Californie</li><li>Caroline du Nord</li></region><settlement><li>Chapel Hill (Caroline du Nord)</li><li>Stanford (Californie)</li></settlement><orgName><li>Université Stanford</li><li>Université de Caroline du Nord à Chapel Hill</li></orgName></list><tree><country name="États-Unis"><region name="Californie"><name sortKey="Wang, Huan" sort="Wang, Huan" uniqKey="Wang H" first="Huan" last="Wang">Huan Wang</name></region><name sortKey="Boswell, Matthew" sort="Boswell, Matthew" uniqKey="Boswell M" first="Matthew" last="Boswell">Matthew Boswell</name><name sortKey="Johnstone, Hannah" sort="Johnstone, Hannah" uniqKey="Johnstone H" first="Hannah" last="Johnstone">Hannah Johnstone</name><name sortKey="Li, Robin" sort="Li, Robin" uniqKey="Li R" first="Robin" last="Li">Robin Li</name><name sortKey="Loyalka, Prashant" sort="Loyalka, Prashant" uniqKey="Loyalka P" first="Prashant" last="Loyalka">Prashant Loyalka</name><name sortKey="Rozelle, Scott" sort="Rozelle, Scott" uniqKey="Rozelle S" first="Scott" last="Rozelle">Scott Rozelle</name><name sortKey="Sylvia, Sean" sort="Sylvia, Sean" uniqKey="Sylvia S" first="Sean" last="Sylvia">Sean Sylvia</name><name sortKey="Xue, Hao" sort="Xue, Hao" uniqKey="Xue H" first="Hao" last="Xue">Hao Xue</name><name sortKey="Zhang, Markus" sort="Zhang, Markus" uniqKey="Zhang M" first="Markus" last="Zhang">Markus Zhang</name><name sortKey="Zhong, Oliver" sort="Zhong, Oliver" uniqKey="Zhong O" first="Oliver" last="Zhong">Oliver Zhong</name></country><country name="République populaire de Chine"><noRegion><name sortKey="Zhou, Huan" sort="Zhou, Huan" uniqKey="Zhou H" first="Huan" last="Zhou">Huan Zhou</name></noRegion></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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